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middleware and data aggregation protocols [53–58]. IoT is used for a broad spec-

trum of services strategically integrated to realize a reliable virtual network [59–61].

An efficient middleware combines cyberinfrastructure with Service-Oriented Archi-

tecture (SOA) and sensor network to explore the heterogeneous sensor resources

[62]. A secure data aggregation is required to implement a reliable and secure data

dissemination framework.

Management and Application Sub-layer: Various industrial applications like

manufacturing, supply chain, healthcare, surveillance, smart grid, smart home, and

online shopping applications were successfully established with IoT-based infras-

tructure [63–65]. Moreover, efficient use of artificial intelligence and machine

learning has launched a user-feedback-based service architecture.

3.2

IoT Integrated Technologies

With the phenomenal progress of IoT, several technologies have been developed

or envisioned using intelligent services. We describe some of them in brief in the

following.

FOG-IoT Architecture: The recent development of Fog computing is the reli-

able and ubiquitous service provided by the underlying IoT infrastructure [66–68].

Figure 6 presents a schematic view of the architecture. The Fog computing paradigm

utilizes the local computing resources located at the network edge instead of cloud-

based data collection and processing. The devices include sensors, actuators, and

smart devices that are linked to an IoT platform. Low-latency, real-time precise

decision-making, and optimal utilization of available bandwidth are some of the

advantages of the combined architecture.

CPS and Dew’s architecture based on IoT: Integration of Cyber-Physical

Systems (CPS) and Dew computing with IoT efficiently maps the physical devices to

secure virtual services [69]. This architecture contains four sub-layers, as shown in

Fig. 7. The lowermost layer consists of IoT devices like sensors, actuators, and intelli-

gent wearables, which interact with the physical machines to collect event data. This

layer connects to the next level, called the dew layer, which contains smart devices

equipped with processing, storage, and communication capability. Then, the upper

layer contains edge nodes that interface with the dew layer to extract information

from the collected data. This layer is referred to as the Edge device layer. Finally,

there is an Edge service layer above this layer that connects the edge devices to the

cloud.

Edge-IoT architecture (Edge-of-Things): Integration of Edge computing with

IoT brings many advantages for real-time intelligent applications. The cost-effective,

energy-efficient, and QoS-aware synergy of the technologies provides an oppor-

tunistic data delivery framework that leverages secure and productive infrastructure

for the service providers. Figure 8 shows a schematic of the envisioned architecture

where intelligent IoT devices and edge devices seamlessly communicate to make the

service layer work with expected efficiency.